Thyroid – This is a paired organ of the endocrine system, which is located in the anterior region of the neck and consists of two asymmetrical lobes connected by an isthmus. The thyroid gland is one of the most important glands of the endocrine system, since its main function is the regulation of metabolic processes in the body.
In addition, thyroid hormones regulate the growth and development of the body, and also affect the activity of the central nervous system. The main thyroid hormones include the hormones calcitonin, thyroxine and triiodothyronine.
Any pathological condition of the thyroid gland negatively affects its endocrine function. That is why, if a disease of this organ is suspected, determining the level of thyroid hormones is one of the mandatory and priority diagnostic measures.
Calcitonin – thyroid hormone that regulates mineral metabolism
Calcitonin – it is a thyroid hormone that is produced by its parafollicular cells. Calcitonin plays an important role in the regulation of mineral metabolism, as it has the ability to control the level of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. Blood to study the level of calcitonin in the body must be taken before 12 noon, before the analysis it is strictly forbidden to eat food and liquid.
The norm of calcitonin in a woman's body is up to 10 pg / ml, in the male body it is slightly higher, up to 27 pg / ml. Elevated levels of calcitonin are indicative of an overactive thyroid gland and can be seen in conditions such as thyroid cancer, chronic renal failure, pseudohypoparathyroidism, cirrhosis, pernicious anemia, and neuroendocrine tumors.
The concentration of calcitonin decreases under the influence of adrenaline and glucagon, with the introduction of calcium preparations, as well as against the background of taking oral contraceptives. Any deviation from the normal level of calcitonin adversely affects the condition of bones, teeth, hair, nails and the general condition of the body.
Thyroxine – main thyroid hormone
Thyroxine (T4) – it is the main secretion product of the thyroid gland, a hormone that has an anabolic effect. Thyroxine is the most important hormone that regulates metabolic processes in the body. Thyroxine circulates in the blood in two states: free and bound to proteins.
The normal concentration of free thyroxine in the body of any person ranges from 10-20 pmol / l.
Total or bound thyroxine is found in different concentrations in people of different age categories. Up to 10 years, the amount of free thyroxine in the blood is 80-200 nmol / l., from 10 to 60 years, the norm of thyroxine is 65-155 nmol / l. After 60 years, the endocrine function of the thyroid gland decreases, and thyroxine is produced somewhat less: in the range of 65-135 nmol / l.
Excessive production of thyroxine in the body is observed in hyperthyroidism, inflammatory processes of the thyroid gland, obesity and hepatitis. The production of thyroxine decreases with hypothyroidism, iodine deficiency, during significant physical exertion and against the background of taking glucocorticoids.
But it is important to remember that there are types of thyroid diseases in which thyroxin levels may remain normal.
Triiodothyronine – thyroid hormone produced in the liver
Triiodothyronine (T3) – it is a thyroid hormone produced by the fermentation of thyroxine in the liver cells, that is, the cleavage of one molecule from it. Triiodothyronine controls the work of thyroid hormones and their effect on target organs.
Triiodothyronine also circulates in the blood in free and bound form. Free triiodothyronine is normally 2.5-5.5 pmol/l. Bound triiodothyronine in adults ranges from 1.17-2.18 nmol/l; in children under 15 years of age – 1.16 to 4 nmol/l.
The content of triiodothyronine increases in hyperthyroidism and iodine deficiency conditions, which contribute to the development of goiter, that is, compensatory hyperplasia of the thyroid gland.
The concentration of triiodothyronine decreases in hypothyroidism, often in the stage of decompensation, severe somatic diseases and conditions in which the production of thyroxin-binding protein, necessary for the production of triiodothyronine, is reduced.
Parathormone – "friend" calcitonin produced by the parathyroid glands
On the back surface of the lobes of the thyroid gland there are two more small, but very functionally significant endocrine glands – parathyroid. Cells of the parathyroid glands – Parathyroid hormone is synthesized by parathyroid cells, which, together with calcitonin, takes part in the regulation of phosphorus-calcium metabolism.
It mobilizes calcium and phosphate from bone tissue, increases calcium uptake in the small intestine and excretion of phosphate by the kidneys. Normally, the content of parathyroid hormone in human blood is in the range of 15-65 pg / ml. With hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency and spinal cord injury, an increase in the concentration of parathyroid hormone in the blood can be observed.
Its production decreases with hypoparathyroidism that develops after removal of the thyroid gland, sarcoidosis, hypercalcemia of various origins, and sometimes against the background of hyperthyroidism. Insufficient production of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands negatively affects the condition and functional abilities of the musculoskeletal system.
Treatment of hormonal disorders in thyroid diseases
Correction of hormonal disorders of the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands consists, first of all, in eliminating the root causes of the dyshormonal state. Both surgical and conservative methods of treatment are used.
Hormone replacement therapy is widely used and has had very positive results. People who have had a thyroidectomy can receive thyroid hormones in the form of medications for decades.
The key factor influencing the success of replacement therapy is strictly individual selection of doses of necessary hormones. It is important to remember that prevention of a disease is a much better alternative to its treatment.
You need to watch your diet, provide & nbsp; sufficient intake of minerals and iodine in the body, as well as avoid injury and harmful radiation effects on the thyroid gland. If any symptoms of thyroid or parathyroid disease appear, hormone levels will be the best clue on the way to successful diagnosis and effective treatment.
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