In recent years, more and more attention is paid to the study of the problem of combining the pathology of the digestive system with other pathological conditions, in particular with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension. In recent years, new hormones and neurotransmitters have been discovered that regulate energy metabolism and eating behavior, including ghrelin.
Find out in the article on estet-portal.com where is the hormone ghrelin synthesized and what functions does it have, and how can regulate the process of its formation.
- Main sites of ghrelin synthesis
- Biological effects of ghrelin
- Mechanisms for reducing synthesis of heatingby
The main sites of synthesis of the hormone ghrelin
Ghrelin (ghrelin) − a gastrointestinal hormone that elicits various biological properties and effects:
- stimulates the release of growth hormone;
- stimulates appetite;
- has anabolic effect;
- affects carbohydrate metabolism.
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The cells of the stomach perform an excretory and endocrine function, and also produce ghrelin − The orexigenic hormone, consisting of 28 amino acids, has a molecular weight of 3.3 kDa.
Primary site of ghrelin synthesis − stomach, in 2nd place − duodenum, less pronounced concentrations are present in the entire gastrointestinal tract and decrease in the distal direction.
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In the stomach, ghrelin synthesis is carried out by enteroendocrine cells in the acid-producing mucosa, formerly called "X/A-shaped cells"; with an unspecified function. The number of these cells is approximately 20% of the total number of endocrine cells of the gastric mucosa.
A number of scientists identify them as a separate group ghrelin-producing cells ghrelin-producing cells (Gr cells). Most of these cells adhere to the basement membrane, do not directly contact the gastric lumen, and release ghrelin directly into the blood.
This indicates that functionally these cells do not depend on the influence of physicochemical stimuli of the contents of the stomach.
Ghrelin is also produced in small quantities :
- lungs;
- pancreatic islets;
- gonads;
- adrenal cortex;
- placenta;
- hypothalamus.
The question of the central production of ghrelin is debatable, since the possibility of its passageto the hypothalamus through the blood-brain barrier is being discussed.
Biological effects of ghrelin
The following biological effects of ghrelin are known at the present stage:
1. Appetite regulation − one of the most important functions. Ghrelin initiates food intake. The appetizing effect of ghrelin is quite short.
Human plasma ghrelin levels decrease rapidly after a meal: there is a significant preprandial increase in the daily plasma ghrelin profile to a level that stimulates food intake and appetite, and then − postprandial decrease in ghrelin.
Due to the increase in appetite, an increase in food intake is noted, which leads to an increase in the secretion of gastric juice, as well as distension of the stomach.
2. Anabolic effects ghrelin:
- increases appetite;
- contributes to obesity;
- leads to an increase in muscle mass;
- increases blood glucose levels.
Ghrelin blocks the inhibitory effect of insulin − gluconeogenesis, perhaps it is able to directly stimulate gluconeogenesis on its own. Ghrelin is referred to as the hunger hormone because its elevated plasma levels are associated with hunger.
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Ghrelin stimulates food intake, is involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. An increase in appetite provokes an increase in the amount of food consumed, which leads to increased secretion of the digestive organs.
The load on the pancreas, liver, gallbladder increases, as they need to secrete more and more enzymes and their own secret to digest the increased volume of food. This leads to their rapid depletion, which is manifested by the development of diseases such as pancreatitis, cholecystitis, gallstone diseasen.
Mechanisms for decreasing ghrelin synthesis
The mechanism by which nutrients inhibit ghrelin synthesis is not well understood. But it is known that carbohydrates are more efficient than proteins and proteins are more efficient than lipids. The relatively weak suppression of the hormone by fat stimulates appetite and may explain the mechanism of weight gain induced by a high-fat diet.
Postprandial inhibition of ghrelin does not require exposure of nutrients directly to the cavity of the stomach and duodenum − outstanding are the processes that occur after absorption in the intestine.
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Ghrelin levels show an inverse correlation between obesity, leptin and insulin levels. During fasting, ghrelin (Ghr) levels rise, and it probably plays an antidepressant role. Ghrelin concentration in the blood is inversely correlated with BMI, body fat mass, adipocyte size, leptin concentration, obestatin, with a positive energy balance.
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