What changes in organs are observed in primary hyperparathyroidism

Many processes depend on the work of the endocrine glands. Malfunctions in the functioning of the glands are manifested by many non-specific symptoms, which often leads to late diagnosis of diseases. So, diseases of the parathyroid glands in the initial stages are very difficult to recognize. What you need to know about the parathyroid glands?

The parathyroid glands are localized on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland in pairs in the upper and lower poles. This endocrine gland produces parathyroid hormone (parathyroid hormone), which is involved in calcium metabolism and its regulation.

• Which vitamin deficiency affects the functioning of the parathyroid glands
• Primary hyperparathyroidism. Causes and mechanism of the development of the disease
• What changes in the organs are observed with primary hyperparathyroidism 

Which vitamin deficiency affects the functioning of the parathyroid glands

 

 

The secretion of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands increases with a decrease in the level of calcium and / or vitamin D. This is a kind of response of the body to a decrease in calcium in the blood. With the normalization of calcium in the blood, the content of parathyroid hormone also normalizes.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that increases intestinal absorption of substances, inhibits excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone, activates bone tissue renewal processes, suppresses increased bone resorption, improves transmission of nerve impulses to muscles, and also improves muscle contractility and relaxation.

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With a decrease in the level of vitamin D in the blood plasma, the absorption of calcium in the intestinal lumen decreases. With a decrease in calcium in the blood plasma, the parathyroid glands increase the secretion of parathyroid hormone. This allows you to keep the level of calcium in the blood within normal limits due to the "washout" of calcium. it from bone tissue.

 This pathology is called «secondary hyperparathyroidism». With such a long-term chronic process, an increase in the size of the parathyroid glands develops.

Reducing the concentration of vitamin D and calcium in the blood leads to the appearance of pain in the muscles and bones, reduced bone density, which is manifested by frequent bone fractures. Also, itching of the skin appears, attention and memory decrease.

Treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism is possible with calcium and vitamin D preparations.

Primary hyperparathyroidism. Causes and mechanism of the development of the disease

Large and long-term studies have shown that low blood levels of vitamin D for a long time provokes not only the development of hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland tissue, but also the appearance of neoplasms of the parathyroid glands – adenoma.

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Normally, vitamin D inhibits the division of parathyroid cells. And with a decrease in the content of vitamin D, this effect does not exist, so the tissue grows with the formation of tumors. Low calcium also stimulates cell division.

 

 

This very overgrowth of parathyroid tissue secretes parathyroid hormone, which contributes to some increase in the level of calcium in the blood. An increased content of parathyroid hormone is manifested by symptoms of general weakness, decreased appetite, malaise, and the rapid development of osteoporosis. There are pains in the muscles and bones, which

This disease is called primary hyperparathyroidism. In patients with this diagnosis, the level of vitamin D is reduced, which confirms the association of this vitamin with primary hyperparathyroidism. Thus, the development of hyperparathyroidism can be prevented by detecting a deficiency of vitamin D in time and replenishing it.

What changes in organs are observed in primary hyperparathyroidism 

Possible cases  primary hyperparathyroidism with normal or even elevated levels of vitamin D in the blood. This can be explained by the fact that an increased level of parathyroid hormone provokes an increase in the activity of vitamin D in the kidneys.

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This forms the active metabolite – calcitriol, which has a very high activity, which is why it is considered a hormone. But with an increased content of vitamin D, calcium absorption in the intestine increases. This leads to an increase in calcium in the blood.

With a long course of hyperparathyroidism, an increased level of calcium causes it to be deposited on the inner surface of the walls of blood vessels, which causes hardening of their walls and an increase in blood pressure. Calcium is deposited in the valves of the heart, thereby violating the conduction of nerve impulses through the muscles of the heart, an arrhythmia appears. Changes also occur in the kidneys, sand and stones are formed.

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In the stomach – In the intestinal tract, an increase in calcium enhances the secretion of hydrochloric acid, which may eventually manifest itself in the presence of gastric and duodenal ulcers.

Diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism is not difficult and consists of a detailed medical history, determination of the level of calcium and vitamin D in the blood.

Treatment of hyperparathyroidism consists in surgical removal of parathyroid adenoma, after which normalization of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D levels is mandatory.

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