Hyperprolactinemia. Why prolactin rises and how it manifests itself

Гиперпролактинемия. Почему повышается пролактин и как это проявляется

Based on the global trend towards an increase in the incidence of mammary glands, prevention of their pathological conditions is essential.

The main direction in the prevention of tumor processes in the breast is the correct tactics of managing patients with benign breast dysplasia, which consists of early diagnosis, prevention and treatment of proliferative and endocrine pathologies of the reproductive system .

One of the most significant in its influence is hyperprolactinemia syndrome.

Read our article on estat-portal.com how prolactin and its increase affect the condition of the mammary glands in women.

The three main hormones that affect breast tissue
What substance controls prolactin? Mechanism of development of hyperprolactinemia
In what conditions does prolactin increase? Forms of prolactinemia
Symptoms and signs that accompany hyperprolactinemia The three main hormones that affect breast tissue Quite often, the development of mammary dysplasia develops against the background of disturbances in neuroendocrine regulation, namely, impaired secretion of estrogens, progesterone and prolactin.

Starting from puberty, the mammary gland is formed under the influence of these three hormones

.

Progesterone controls the growth and development of glandular tissue

responsible for the increase in the number of particles and alveoli, but controls and inhibits mitosis activity.

Estrogens

provide

growth of connective tissue vessels and proliferation of alveolar and ductal epithelium. During pregnancy, the secretory apparatus is stimulated with prolactin

, thus the mammary glands are prepared for

upcoming lactation. An increase in the concentration of prolactin in the blood above the norm is called hyperprolactinemia.

How hyperprolactinemia manifests itself, read further in our articlee.

The structure of the breast: a beautiful and vulnerable female organ

What substance controls prolactin? Mechanism of development of hyperprolactinemia

Hyperprolactinemia can significantly affect the condition and functioning of the mammary glands.

When the level of prolactin rises, along with it there are changes in the reproductive function of the woman – menstrual cycle

is disrupted, infertility

develops,

galactorrhea

occurs, which is not associated with the birth of a child.

Epidemiological evidence suggests a widespread prevalence of hyperprolactinemia. In 17 people out of 1000, hyperprolactinemia is observed, both in women and in men. Women are 10 times more likely to have this syndrome. Prolactin is the only hormone anterior pituitary, the release of which is controlled by the hypothalamus and is under its inhibitory influence. A substance that can reduce the secretion of prolactin – dopamine

This is a hypothalamic

neurotransmitter

If the dopamine level is within the normal range, D2 lactotroph receptors

are sufficiently stimulated.

This inhibits the synthesis of the enzyme adenylate cyclase, and also prevents cells from dividing and synthesizing DNA, which ultimately allows you to control the level of prolactin and keep it at a normal level.

If dopamine decreases, then its activating effect on the D2 receptors of lactotrophs decreases,

prolactin levels increase and hyperprolactinemia

develops.

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! Under what conditions does prolactin increase? Forms of hyperprolactinemia

Based on the mechanism of formation of excessive secretion of prolactin, the following clinical

forms of hyperprolactinemia are distinguished: symptomatic hyperprolactinemia; asymptomatic hyperprolactinemia;

hyperprolactinemic hypogonadism;

pituitary secretion of prolactin in cells of the immune system or other organs; hyperprolactinemia in combination with other hypothalamic-pituitary diseases.

In addition, there are pathological, physiological and iatrogenic hyperprolactinemia.
A physiological increase in prolactin levels is observed in such cases

during heavy physical exertion;

in the first 3-4 weeks after childbirth; My default image

during sleep, regardless of the time of day;

during the act of sucking and irritation of the nipples; in conditions of hypoglycemia;

The development of iatrogenic hyperprolactinemia is associated with the possible effect on lactotrophs of analogues of
, drugs that stimulate the secretion of
, endogenous opioids.
Also, iatrogenic disease can occur while taking drugs that have an inhibitory effect on dopamine receptors or reduce its reserves. These drugs include monoamine oxidase inhibitors, antidepressants, calcium and histamine H2 receptor antagonists.
After taking a drug that contains estrogen, an increase in prolactin levels is provoked in a third of cases, regardless of the dose of the drug

ta.

Female breasts after childbirth: how milk is produced

Symptoms and signs that accompany hyperprolactinemia

All forms of hyperprolactinemia are accompanied by disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian system,

which develops against the background of the negative effect of excessive prolactin on the reproductive sphere of a woman.

At the same time, a woman may experience certain symptoms of hyperprolactinemia to varying degrees. Symptoms of hyperprolactinemia:

acne, hirsutism; galactorrhea;

decreased libido;

weight gain up to the development of metabolic syndrome; pain in joints and bones;

migraine-like headaches; genital infantilism.
Elevated prolactin level is a marker of central disorders in the system of regulation of reproductive function, against which progesterone deficiency develops.
And also hyperprolactinemia can have a direct impact on the development of
.