We bring to the attention of readers a review of the Estet-portal report on the theories of skin aging and mechanisms that can slow down this process, which was presented to the guests of the conference by Igor Borisovich Rudenko, a dermatovenereologist, a leading specialist in minimally invasive techniques at the clinic "Center for Healthy Aesthetics".
Aging – this is a complex mechanism, genetically programmed and in a certain sense useful for nature, and therefore considerable efforts are expended to combat this process.
There are many different theories of aging that study this process from different angles.
The First Theory – one of the most interesting – is the theory of DNA damage. Probably, ever since DNA was discovered, and Watson and Crick received the Nobel Prize for it, they immediately began to talk about the fact that aging is based on damage to DNA or the mechanisms that restore it. Therefore, studying the possibility of influencing these mechanisms will allow us to get closer to unraveling how to slow down the aging process.
The next widely known theory of aging concerns the presence of free radicals. Free radical – this is a molecule that has received a certain energy charge – for example from the sun. Ultraviolet rays make the molecule unstable, generating some kind of electrical charge that it tends to transfer to other molecules. The body copes with these charged molecules by generating certain systems that absorb this charge. But if such absorption does not occur for some reason, then the excess energy damages some molecules, and they can no longer perform their functions.
Based on the theory of aging associated with free radicals, the release of a very large series of various dietary supplements is built. This theory received another interesting development in the concept of using red wine, which contains resveratrol, which takes on this destructive charge for cells. According to some observations, in countries with a high level of consumption of red wine, there is a very low death rate from heart attacks.
Furthermore, many anti-aging experts find various antioxidant diets to be effective. Considering that there are a lot of energy sources now, the theory remains relevant.
Another theory of aging – is damage to mitochondrial DNA. The secret of mitochondria is that they are inherited in the same way as chromosomes – on the maternal side. And when damage to mitochondrial DNA occurs, the production of mitochondrial proteins is disrupted, the energy of the cell decreases, and the cell is unable to perform its functions.
In order to increase this cell energy, various drugs are produced with components of the Krebs cycle that occurs in mitochondria - for example, sodium succinate. At the same time, there are still a lot of controversial issues in the use of such drugs, because all the same, the mitochondria is a closed system, and methods for the penetration of drugs through mitochondrial membranes have not yet been fully investigated.
Radiation theory of aging – suggests that radiation negatively affects our DNA and proteins, and it is especially destructive for cells in combination with class B UV rays. For Ukraine, this theory is quite relevant in connection with the consequences of Chernobyl.
Genetic theory of aging: according to genetic scientists, aging is a programmed process, inevitable for any cell, except for cancer. Oncologists even use such a term as immortalization - when a number of processes are blocked in a cell, and it gets the possibility of endless division.
Immunological theory says that the problem of aging lies in the violation of our immunity, namely, T-immunity associated with the degradation of the thymus. The beginning of this degradation is programmed by nature in humans, starting from the age of about 20-25 years. The appearance of changes in the thymus – this is the first signal of aging. Reduced immunity impairs the ability of cells to fight internal damage and external influences, say, pathogens, which ultimately leads to aging of the body.
Theory of telomeres: its idea is that at the ends of chromosomes there are so-called telomeres – small regions that repeat DNA sequences that are gradually broken down by telomerase with each cell division in the body. Telomeres serve as a marker of the number of divisions a cell is still capable of. And when this number reaches some critical level – telomeres are extremely shortened, which serves as an indicator of the cessation of cell division.
The task of scientists – find a way to keep telomeres longer, and it's kind of like cheating the cell – allow her to share further.
Methods of studying human telomeres are gaining popularity, and laboratories are emerging that allow you to evaluate the state of telomeres in each individual patient.
The theory of glycation: its essence is that the molecules cling to themselves the elements of sucrose in the body and become brittle, brittle, and most importantly - non-functional. This theory explains well why people have problems with diabetes. The presence of elevated glucose levels in all media increases glycation, and patients experience problems with tissue trophism, neurotrophy, vision, and other organs.
In dermatology, the theory of glycation is applied to collagen: it is believed that collagen in such a situation loses its elasticity, and the skin takes on an ugly senile appearance.
Some cosmetic brands produce drugs that fight glycation. They are suggested for use during very invasive procedures such as contouring. The ideology of this application is as follows: an aggressive procedure causes glycation, and the drug helps to reduce it, and thus the quality of the skin will be improved.
Theory of inflammation: by and large, the stronger the skin inflammation, the faster the breakdown and destruction of the cell structure occurs, the faster the aging of the skin occurs.
Theory of methylation. This theory fits into the concept of epigenetic control of the skin. And not only the skin, but the body in general. Its essence lies in the fact that genes are somehow controlled by the body, with the help of methylation of certain sections of histones and individual sections of DNA, gene expression can be changed.
Methylation varies depending on the state of the organism. And if we can influence the processes of methylation, then we will be able to influence the functioning of the entire DNA – accelerate its work in accordance with the conditions that exist in a young organism, thereby postponing the onset of old age.
And on all of the above principles of slowing down the skin aging process, the action of Meso-Xanthin and Meso-Wharton preparations, which are produced by the pharmaceutical company Emet, is built.
The ideology of Mezovarton is to stimulate the division of new cells. It is very difficult to restore a cell that is on the finish line to old age; it is impossible to stop all the destructive processes that go on in an aging cell with one injection. From this follows the only possible conclusion – it is much easier for us to replace such a cage.
By and large, many innovations in cosmetology are associated with the replacement of – and threads, and an implant, including stem cells. My belief – that the future of cosmetology is the future of stem cells. We will take them from adipose tissue, from skin or somewhere else and put them back into the skin of the face and other tissues. Yes, it is now very expensive and, probably, a little dangerous for the time being, because if the cell turns out to be carcinogenic, there may be oncological consequences. But, despite this, over the past 10 years, the ideology of stem cells has undergone very significant changes.
Until recently, in the context of obtaining stem cells, it was about the use of abortion material or the deposit of umbilical cord blood. Now we can already find his stem cells from an adult, take them, multiply and prepare ready-made, his own young fibroblasts for transplantation.
The concept of peptide stimulation of stem cell division has received great recognition in the world. It is on this concept that the action of the Meso-Wharton drug is built: it enhances the processes of stem cell division due to the substance P 199, which is a set of growth factors.
And the second drug worth mentioning – it is mesoxanthin (Meso-Xanthin). The action of mezoxanthin is aimed at regulating methylation in skin cells. How methylation occurs at the age of approximately 15-25 years, which methyl systems are active and which are not – these factors were taken into account when developing a drug that contributes to the creation of conditions for the expression of genes characteristic of young skin.
Meso-Wharton and Meso-Xanthin are very good to combine in practice, because Meso-Wharton - conditionally creates new cells, and Meso-Xanthin – provides the best conditions for their functioning.
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