Enamel hypoplasia today is becoming more common, and experts attribute this unpleasant fact to the constant increase in the number of harmful factors that affect a woman during pregnancy and a child in the first months of life. Spots on the teeth as a manifestation of enamel hypoplasia are found in almost half of the children of preschoolers and younger schoolchildren, both on milk and permanent teeth. According to estet-portal.com, this leads to a significant increase in dental disease at an older age, and therefore requires close attention from the dentist.
Causes of enamel hypoplasia and stains on teeth
The generally accepted point of view regarding the causes of enamel hypoplasia is that the cause is metabolic disorders in the fetus during its intrauterine development. And we are talking not only about violations of mineral metabolism.
Among the causes that negatively affect the fetus and subsequently cause enamel hypoplasia:
• toxicosis of pregnant women;
• infectious diseases suffered during pregnancy, including acute respiratory viral infections.
Violation of the formation of tooth enamel is observed in premature babies, as well as in babies with manifestations of rickets, atopic dermatitis.
Hypoplasia of the enamel of milk teeth in a child is associated with a harmful external effect on the body of the expectant mother.
But hypoplasia on permanent teeth is caused by metabolic disorders and diseases of the baby in the first year of life. The formation of the enamel of the central incisors of permanent teeth occurs approximately at the 5-6th month of a child's life, the second incisors and canines are formed at the 8-9th month. If at this time the child is ill with SARS or other infectious diseases, there is a high risk of enamel hypoplasia of permanent teeth.
Not too significant diseases of the baby can affect the enamel of the teeth in the form of chalky spots. If the child was ill for a long time and severely, there is a risk of underdevelopment of tooth enamel up to aplasia.
What do stains on teeth look like with enamel hypoplasia
Enamel hypoplasia, depending on the severity of the disease, may be manifested by discoloration, underdevelopment or even complete absence.
Hypoplasia in the form of symmetrical white spots on the teeth is common. They have a different shape and are located symmetrically on the vestibular surface of the teeth of the same name. The appearance of such spots is not accompanied by pain or discomfort. Throughout life, such spots do not change shape and color. Visually, they are distinguished by the fact that the outer layer of enamel in these places is shiny and smooth, not changing color even when interacting with dyes from drinks or products.
Another common form of hypoplasia looks like wavy, pitted tooth enamel. During the examination, the dentist clearly sees the alternation of small rollers, dots, depressions in the enamel at different levels. At first, these areas of hypoplasia have a normal color.
As the tooth grows, pinpoint areas of enamel hyperplasia become pigmented, dark spots appear on the teeth.
Sometimes, hypoplasia may present as a hyperpigmented band or multiple grooves on the crown of the tooth. This form of hyperplasia is characterized by the fact that even in its severe forms, the integrity of the enamel is not violated.
Occasionally, enamel aplasia occurs in a certain area of the tooth. It causes pain when the teeth come in contact with any irritant, but if the irritant is eliminated, the pain disappears.
Local enamel hypoplasia develops on permanent teeth, if at the stage of their rudiment formation the child suffered a severe inflammatory disease. Clinically, it manifests itself as dotted yellowish-brown spots and depressions over the entire surface of the tooth. In this case, the enamel is partially or completely absent, which allows pathogenic microbes to penetrate inside, causing deep caries and damage to the deeper tissues of the tooth.
Treatment options for enamel hypoplasia and stains on teeth
The choice of treatment tactics depends on the severity of enamel hypoplasia. If we are talking about single spots without destroying the enamel or with its shallow damage, they are limited to careful oral care and caries prevention.
When stains on the teeth are located on the vestibular surface, change pigmentation and become an aesthetic defect, they are filled with composite materials. In the case of severely damaged enamel, destruction of dentin, we can talk about orthopedic treatment.
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